{
  "source": "印客邦",
  "website": "https://www.yinkebang.com",
  "license": "数据开放引用，请注明来源“印客邦”",
  "collection": "tech",
  "count": 21,
  "items": [
    {
      "id": "alcohol-free-fountain-solution",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/alcohol-free-fountain-solution/",
      "title": "酒精润版液与免酒精润版液",
      "alias": [
        "免酒精润版液",
        "无醇润版液",
        "减醇印刷",
        "异丙醇",
        "IPA",
        "酒精润版液",
        "酒精替代物"
      ],
      "category": "水墨平衡与润版液",
      "summary": "异丙醇让润版液铺展快、带水多并给墨路降温，常规用 8–10%、减醇 3–5%；免酒精润版液用添加剂替代这些作用，但窗口更窄，对水质、水辊和冷却要求更高。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "IPA 常规用量",
          "value": "8–10%",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "减醇用量",
          "value": "3–5%",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "专色、非吸收性承印物",
          "value": "2–3% IPA",
          "note": "完全不加酒精难印时采用"
        },
        {
          "item": "免酒精原液浓度",
          "value": "3–5%",
          "note": "厂商资料；每次调整后稳定印 50–100 张再评估"
        },
        {
          "item": "配液水硬度",
          "value": "8–12 °dH",
          "note": "免酒精时水质比用酒精时更敏感"
        },
        {
          "item": "含 12% IPA 的润版液闪点",
          "value": "约 42℃（纯 IPA 约 12℃）",
          "note": ""
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "润版液里酒精加得越多越好吗？",
          "a": "不是。酒精过多会加剧油墨乳化，墨层变薄、墨色发虚、光泽差，还会引发水大墨大的脏版；同时挥发量成倍增加，车间空气和防火风险都变差。本站按常规 8–10%、减醇 3–5% 控制，每班用浓度计测，不凭手感添加。"
        },
        {
          "q": "换成免酒精润版液后网点丢失、版面发干，是水不够吗？",
          "a": "是送到版面的水变少了。免酒精润版液的黏度比含酒精的低，同样的水斗辊转速带上去的水更少，所以要适当提高水斗辊转速。另外还要结合印版、油墨和温湿度一起调，才能重新稳住水墨平衡。"
        },
        {
          "q": "为什么换了免酒精润版液反而问题更多？",
          "a": "常见原因是换液前没有清洗润湿系统。新润版液里的表面活性剂会把管路里残留的油墨和沉淀物洗下来，污染新液，严重时堵塞管路。换液前应先用专用清洗剂彻底清洗循环系统。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "printing-methods"
      ],
      "related_faq": [],
      "related_tech": [
        "fountain-solution",
        "dampening-control",
        "ink-emulsification",
        "ink-water-balance",
        "roller-stripping-glazing",
        "roller-hardness-pressure"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "blanket-packing",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/blanket-packing/",
      "title": "橡皮布与包衬",
      "alias": [
        "橡皮布",
        "胶皮",
        "包衬",
        "衬垫",
        "衬纸",
        "气垫橡皮布",
        "可压缩橡皮布",
        "橡皮布滚筒"
      ],
      "category": "压力橡皮布与套准",
      "summary": "胶印的印刷压力几乎全部来自橡皮布和包衬的压缩变形；包衬按软、中、硬选，厚度要准、回弹要好。铜版纸不能当衬纸，新橡皮布要分次绷紧，新包衬要先磨合。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "压力从哪来",
          "value": "橡皮布及其包衬的压缩变形",
          "note": "印版滚筒和压印滚筒是钢辊，形变可忽略"
        },
        {
          "item": "软性包衬压缩量",
          "value": "约 0.2 mm",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        },
        {
          "item": "硬性包衬压缩量",
          "value": "约 0.1 mm",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        },
        {
          "item": "新包衬磨合",
          "value": "软性约印 4000 次后压力降 20%–30%；硬性约印 1000 次后降 10%–15%",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        },
        {
          "item": "新橡皮布绷紧",
          "value": "分 2–3 次逐步绷紧，中间合压运转释放应力",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "气垫橡皮布寿命参考",
          "value": "约 100 万–300 万印次",
          "note": "一线经验值，以实际状态为准"
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "手边没有专用衬纸，能用铜版纸垫橡皮布吗？",
          "a": "不能。铜版纸的涂层在反复压印下会粉化脱落，粉末嵌进橡皮布背面的织物层，让背面变粗糙、厚薄不均；涂层还会被不可逆地压实，厚度越印越薄。结果是压力分布不均、网点变形、墨色深浅不一，而且受损的橡皮布换了包衬也恢复不了。"
        },
        {
          "q": "新换的橡皮布为什么要绷两三次？",
          "a": "新橡皮布有应力松弛特性，第一次绷紧后内应力会随时间衰减，橡皮布变松就会周向位移、出重影。但一次绷到最紧又会让胶层变薄、弹性提前丧失。正确做法是先绷到位，合压印一段时间后再绷第二次，重复 2–3 次。"
        },
        {
          "q": "包衬选软的还是硬的？",
          "a": "看机器、看活件、看纸张。高精度新设备、精细网线和高档画册，选硬性包衬，网点锐利；普通或较旧的设备、以文字和实地为主的活件、表面粗糙的纸，选软性或中性包衬，它压缩量大、接触面宽，更能包容纸面不平。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [
        "coated-paper",
        "offset-paper"
      ],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "printing-methods"
      ],
      "related_faq": [],
      "related_tech": [
        "dot-gain",
        "misregistration",
        "streaks",
        "roller-hardness-pressure"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "color-matching",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/color-matching/",
      "title": "追色与返单色差",
      "alias": [
        "追色",
        "追样",
        "翻单",
        "返单",
        "返单色差",
        "机台追色",
        "覆膜追色",
        "追别家样"
      ],
      "category": "色彩管理与看样",
      "summary": "追色是在机台上让印品对准目标样：先确认目标样能不能追，再在印前用数据校正文件，最后按标准数控生产。返单色差多来自材料、环境、设备和人的变化。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "追色前提",
          "value": "纸张、工艺、光源与目标样一致或可换算",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "返单必备",
          "value": "保留上次的 OK 样张与印刷参数",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "比色光源",
          "value": "D50 标准光源",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "蓝色偏紫的检查",
          "value": "纯蓝以青为主，品红尽量少",
          "note": "一线经验"
        },
        {
          "item": "量产抽检",
          "value": "留首印样，每 500 张抽检核对一次",
          "note": "一线实际做法"
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "客户拿别家印的样子来追色，第一步做什么？",
          "a": "先沟通，不要先调机。用客观标准（色卡、测量数据）明确颜色要求，确认对方用的纸和工艺；尽量选最接近的材料和工艺；再用印前打样评估差异、预先调整文件，最后按标准印刷，目测和数据都要达标。纸和工艺差太远的，要事先说明能追到什么程度。"
        },
        {
          "q": "同一个文件，返单为什么和上次颜色不一样？",
          "a": "常见的变化来自四方面：纸张、油墨批次有细微差异；车间温湿度变了，影响油墨黏度、干燥和水墨平衡；设备状态变了，比如部件磨损、橡皮布老化、润版液 pH 和电导率漂移；人的操作习惯不同、交接班参数没执行到位。所以返单要保留上次的 OK 样张和参数。"
        },
        {
          "q": "覆膜后颜色变了，怎么追？",
          "a": "覆膜会改变颜色：光膜提高饱和度但可能压缩暗部层次，哑膜会轻微降低明度。更可靠的做法是分别测量覆膜前后的颜色数据，建立对应关系，按客户覆膜样的目标值反推出覆膜前印张应达到的颜色，机台按这个目标调，而不是在覆膜后凭眼睛反复试。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [],
      "related_process": [
        "spot-color",
        "lamination"
      ],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "color-difference",
        "cmyk-vs-rgb"
      ],
      "related_faq": [
        "reorder-color-diff",
        "brand-color-consistency",
        "pdf-color-shift"
      ],
      "related_tech": [
        "press-calibration",
        "viewing-light",
        "proofing-calibration",
        "ink-key-zero",
        "ucr-gcr"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "color-sequence-trapping",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/color-sequence-trapping/",
      "title": "色序、叠印与干燥",
      "alias": [
        "色序",
        "印刷色序",
        "叠印",
        "湿压湿",
        "湿式叠印",
        "干式叠印",
        "逆叠印",
        "印刷干燥",
        "背面蹭脏",
        "粘脏"
      ],
      "category": "网点色序与分色",
      "summary": "色序决定后一色能不能稳稳叠在前一色上。湿压湿叠印要求油墨黏性按色序递减、墨层递增；标准色序是黑、青、品红、黄。干燥故障多来自墨量、承印物、温湿度和润版液偏酸。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "标准色序",
          "value": "黑—青—品红—黄",
          "note": "ISO 12647-2:2013 标准印刷条件"
        },
        {
          "item": "湿式叠印：黏性",
          "value": "按色序递减，第一色最高",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "湿式叠印：墨层厚度",
          "value": "按色序递增，第一色最薄",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "干式叠印：时机",
          "value": "前一色初凝、未干透时叠印",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "纸堆湿度",
          "value": "超过 60% 时干燥明显变慢，严重时约三倍",
          "note": "FOGRA 资料"
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "色序可以按活件随便换吗？",
          "a": "不建议。各家印厂色序不完全相同，但同一家厂通常固定。频繁换色序要重新洗车、降低效率，还会让补偿曲线和实际状态对不上。只有特殊情况才换，比如纸张吸墨性差、青实地叠印品红网发花时，可以把青、品红的顺序对调。"
        },
        {
          "q": "“叠印黑”就是四色黑吗？",
          "a": "不是，本站不这样用。“叠印”有两个意思：在印刷机上，是指后一色油墨叠在前一色墨膜上；在印前文件里，是指把某个颜色设置为叠印（压印），不挖空下层。四色黑指 CMYK 四个值都不为零的“丰富黑”，和叠印设置是两回事，不能叫叠印黑。"
        },
        {
          "q": "第一色干透了，第二色印不上怎么办？",
          "a": "两种补救：一是物理方法，用摩擦、红外照射、吸湿等办法让墨膜表面变粗糙，但红外和吸湿会让纸变形、影响套印；二是在印后一色之前先叠印一层高黏度调墨油，利用它的黏性抓住已经干透的底色，为后面的颜色提供附着点。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [],
      "related_process": [
        "varnishing"
      ],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "rich-black"
      ],
      "related_faq": [
        "storage-print",
        "coated-uncoated-feel"
      ],
      "related_tech": [
        "ucr-gcr",
        "screening",
        "fountain-solution",
        "paper-printability",
        "roller-stripping-glazing"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "dampening-control",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/dampening-control/",
      "title": "胶印供水量怎么判断与调节",
      "alias": [
        "供水量调节",
        "水量控制",
        "调水",
        "水斗辊转速",
        "预润版",
        "最低水位"
      ],
      "category": "水墨平衡与润版液",
      "summary": "胶印供水以“不起脏的最小水量”为基准：先定墨量，再从微脏点往回加到刚好干净；四个色组、不同纸张、机器温升后都要分别调，不能一个水量用到底。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "调节基准",
          "value": "不起脏的最小水量，从微脏临界点往回加",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "四色组供水阶梯",
          "value": "青 > 黄 > 品红 > 黑",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        },
        {
          "item": "润版液前提",
          "value": "pH 4.8–5.5、电导率 800–1600 µS/cm、温度约 10–12℃",
          "note": "本站一线实际控制值"
        },
        {
          "item": "车间温度",
          "value": "20–26℃",
          "note": "一线经验值；26–28℃ 是墨路温度，不是车间温度"
        },
        {
          "item": "车间与纸张湿度",
          "value": "单张纸胶印用纸按 50%±5% 相对湿度调湿",
          "note": "FOGRA 资料"
        },
        {
          "item": "非涂布纸掉毛",
          "value": "不宜靠减水解决",
          "note": "有适用范围，见正文"
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "版面起脏了，是不是加大水量就行？",
          "a": "先别加。起脏常见的原因是润版液 pH、电导率失常，或者水辊压力、串墨辊温升等问题，加大水量只能暂时压住，还会带来油墨过度乳化、墨色发灰、纸张伸缩。先查润版液参数和水辊状态，再从微脏临界点重新找最小水量。"
        },
        {
          "q": "为什么开机时墨色浅、印一会儿又变深？",
          "a": "多半是预润版值设得太大。开机时版面水膜过厚，油墨被压住而偏浅；水墨逐渐平衡后墨色回升，就出现“先浅后深”。把预润版值调小，走纸试印到叼口微脏，再逐步加到刚好不脏的临界点，墨色稳定后再正式印。"
        },
        {
          "q": "纸毛纸粉多，减少供水能缓解吗？",
          "a": "对非涂布纸来说一般不能。研究发现可用的润版液越多，掉毛越少，原因是油墨吸水乳化后黏性下降，对纸面的拉扯变小。但这个效果主要出现在第一色组，而且研究对象是非涂布新闻纸，涂布纸掉粉不能照搬。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [
        "offset-paper",
        "coated-paper"
      ],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "printing-methods"
      ],
      "related_faq": [],
      "related_tech": [
        "ink-water-balance",
        "fountain-solution",
        "ink-emulsification",
        "alcohol-free-fountain-solution",
        "ink-key-zero",
        "roller-stripping-glazing",
        "paper-printability",
        "scumming"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "dot-gain",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/dot-gain/",
      "title": "网点扩大与印刷压力",
      "alias": [
        "网点扩大",
        "网点增大",
        "阶调值增大",
        "TVI",
        "网点扩大率",
        "印刷压力",
        "实地不平"
      ],
      "category": "压力橡皮布与套准",
      "summary": "网点扩大是油墨在压力下向网点边缘铺展，胶印不可避免。目标不是消灭它，而是让它稳定在约定的曲线上：印前用补偿曲线预留，机台上稳住墨量、压力和水墨平衡。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "本质",
          "value": "印出的网点比印版上的网点大",
          "note": "标准术语为“阶调值增大”（TVI）"
        },
        {
          "item": "印版与橡皮布间压力",
          "value": "约 0.10–0.13 mm",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        },
        {
          "item": "橡皮布与压印滚筒间压力",
          "value": "约 0.10–0.18 mm，按基础压力加纸张厚度补偿",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        },
        {
          "item": "胶版纸比铜版纸",
          "value": "印刷压力约大 10–15 丝（0.10–0.15 mm）",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        },
        {
          "item": "新闻纸中间调网点扩大目标",
          "value": "26% 或 30%，二者择一约定",
          "note": "ISO 12647-3:2005"
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "网点扩大能不能完全消除？",
          "a": "不能。只要是用压力把油墨从橡皮布转到纸上，油墨就会向网点边缘铺展，纸张吸墨、光线在纸内散射也会让网点看起来更大。标准的做法是约定一条目标扩大曲线，印前按这条曲线做补偿，机台上把实际扩大稳定在这条曲线附近。"
        },
        {
          "q": "网点扩大大了，先减压力还是先减墨？",
          "a": "先看是全面偏大还是局部偏大。全面偏大，常见原因是墨量偏多或压力偏大，可以先确认墨量在标准范围内再查压力；局部偏大或者实地深浅不一，多半是压力不平，要测印版、橡皮布、衬垫的厚度。加墨去压实地往往治标不治本。"
        },
        {
          "q": "方形网点和圆形网点哪个扩大更多？",
          "a": "扩大最明显的位置不同。方形网点在 50% 附近四角搭接，扩大峰值在中间调，容易丢中间调层次；圆形网点搭接得晚，一线经验峰值在 75% 附近，容易暗调并糊。人物肤色等连续过渡的原稿，常用链形（椭圆）网点，把搭接分成两次，过渡更平滑。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [
        "coated-paper",
        "offset-paper"
      ],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "resolution-dpi"
      ],
      "related_faq": [],
      "related_tech": [
        "blanket-packing",
        "screening",
        "press-calibration",
        "ink-emulsification",
        "dampening-control"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fountain-solution",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/fountain-solution/",
      "title": "润版液 pH、电导率、温度与水质",
      "alias": [
        "润版液",
        "润湿液",
        "水斗液",
        "药水",
        "润版水",
        "版水"
      ],
      "category": "水墨平衡与润版液",
      "summary": "润版液要盯四项：pH 保持在约 4.8–5.3 的弱酸区间，温度约 10–12℃，配液水硬度 8–12°dH；电导率没有通用绝对值，要以新配液读数为基准看增量。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "pH",
          "value": "4.8–5.3",
          "note": "海德堡技术资料；本站一线实际控制值为 4.8–5.5"
        },
        {
          "item": "电导率",
          "value": "以新配液读数为基准，高出约 800 µS/cm 时考虑换液",
          "note": "海德堡技术资料给出的粗略参考；绝对值随水质和原液而变"
        },
        {
          "item": "温度",
          "value": "约 10–12℃",
          "note": "⚠区间参考，厂商资料给出 8–14℃"
        },
        {
          "item": "配液用水硬度",
          "value": "8–12 °dH（约 1.5–2.5 mmol/L 碳酸钙）",
          "note": "海德堡技术资料；波动大或高于 12 °dH 需反渗透后再硬化"
        },
        {
          "item": "原液添加比例",
          "value": "以供应商说明为准，常见 2%–5%",
          "note": "⚠区间参考"
        },
        {
          "item": "检测频次",
          "value": "每班开机前至少测一次 pH、电导率、温度；新配液先测再上机",
          "note": ""
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "润版液 pH 是不是越低越好，越酸版面越干净？",
          "a": "不是。pH 偏低会腐蚀铝版基和砂目，网点变小、高光网点丢失，腐蚀严重时空白部分反而起脏且擦不掉；酸还会抑制油墨干燥。pH 偏高同样会破坏空白部分的亲水层、引起脏版和油墨乳化。两头都有问题，所以要守一个窄的弱酸区间。"
        },
        {
          "q": "电导率读数 1600 µS/cm 算不算超标？",
          "a": "单看这个数判断不了。电导率反映的是溶解在水里的全部物质，配液用水本身的读数各地差别很大，原液、酒精含量也会改变读数。应该先记下新配液的读数作为基准，看运行中涨了多少；涨得快，说明纸粉、油墨等杂质在污染润版液。"
        },
        {
          "q": "用纯净水配润版液是不是更好？",
          "a": "不一定。水太软反而容易让油墨过度乳化、网点扩大，还会增加对金属部件的腐蚀。厂商资料给出的理想配液水硬度是 8–12 °dH；用反渗透处理过的水，通常还要按需回调硬度再使用。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [
        "coated-paper"
      ],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "color-difference",
        "printing-methods"
      ],
      "related_faq": [],
      "related_tech": [
        "ink-water-balance",
        "alcohol-free-fountain-solution",
        "dampening-control",
        "ink-emulsification",
        "scumming"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ink-emulsification",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/ink-emulsification/",
      "title": "油墨乳化：W/O 与 O/W",
      "alias": [
        "油墨乳化",
        "油包水",
        "水包油",
        "W/O 乳化",
        "O/W 乳化",
        "过度乳化",
        "乳化值"
      ],
      "category": "水墨平衡与润版液",
      "summary": "油墨乳化分两种：油包水（W/O）是润版液微滴分散在油墨里，胶印离不开它；水包油（O/W）是油墨分散进润版液，会造成空白起脏。目标是适度 W/O、杜绝 O/W。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "油包水（W/O）",
          "value": "润版液微滴分散在油墨中",
          "note": "正常、必需"
        },
        {
          "item": "水包油（O/W）",
          "value": "油墨微粒分散在润版液中",
          "note": "故障"
        },
        {
          "item": "正常印刷时油墨含水",
          "value": "约 15%–26%",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        },
        {
          "item": "好的乳化状态",
          "value": "水滴细小、均匀、被油墨稳定包住",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "四色油墨乳化能力",
          "value": "青 > 黄 > 品红 > 黑",
          "note": "一线经验值，决定各色组供水阶梯"
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "油墨乳化是坏事吗？",
          "a": "不是。胶印的油墨必须吸收一部分润版液才能正常传墨，油墨厂商设计配方时就预设了油墨会带水印刷。有害的是两种情况：一是油包水过度，墨色变淡发灰、干燥变慢；二是出现水包油，油墨跑进润版液，在空白部分起脏。"
        },
        {
          "q": "油包水和水包油到底怎么区分？",
          "a": "看谁包着谁。油包水（W/O）是水滴被油墨包着，连续相是油墨，这是正常乳化；水包油（O/W）是油墨微粒被水包着，连续相是润版液，墨会跟着水走到印版空白部分，这是故障。行业里两个说法经常被说反，本站统一按这个口径。"
        },
        {
          "q": "印品发灰、网点扩大，是不是水开大了？",
          "a": "不一定。水量偏大是一个原因，但油墨本身过度乳化也会造成同样的现象，比如油墨黏度太低、润版液电导率或 pH 失常、水质太软。只盯着水量调，往往越调越乱。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "printing-methods",
        "color-difference"
      ],
      "related_faq": [],
      "related_tech": [
        "ink-water-balance",
        "dampening-control",
        "fountain-solution",
        "alcohol-free-fountain-solution",
        "roller-stripping-glazing",
        "scumming"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ink-key-zero",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/ink-key-zero/",
      "title": "墨键零位、墨斗辊转角与开机走墨",
      "alias": [
        "墨键零位",
        "油墨键零位",
        "墨斗键",
        "墨匙",
        "墨斗辊转角",
        "墨斗辊转速",
        "分区供墨",
        "过版纸"
      ],
      "category": "输墨与墨辊",
      "summary": "墨键零位是墨键数字归零时墨键与墨斗辊之间预留的初始间隙，不是零间隙；零位不齐、墨斗辊转角不随条件调整，是专色追不准、墨色两端失控的常见根源。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "墨键零位",
          "value": "数字归零时的初始间隙，微米级",
          "note": "不是零间隙；具体数值按机型说明书"
        },
        {
          "item": "零位是否达标",
          "value": "同样开度下，至少 80% 相邻墨区的印刷密度差小于 0.14",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        },
        {
          "item": "墨区宽度",
          "value": "约 30–35 mm",
          "note": "一线经验值，随机型不同"
        },
        {
          "item": "墨键保养",
          "value": "约每两天清洗墨斗、墨键及前端，并在前端涂一层黄油",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        },
        {
          "item": "停机后重新开印",
          "value": "先走过版纸，恢复墨量梯度再正式印",
          "note": ""
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "墨键零位就是墨键和墨斗辊之间没有缝吗？",
          "a": "不是。零位是控制台上墨键数字归零时，墨键与墨斗辊之间设定好的初始间隙，本身有一个很薄的厚度。零位的要求不是“完全关死”，而是各个墨键的零位厚度一致、符合机型标准，开关动作灵活。"
        },
        {
          "q": "专色总追不准、墨量忽大忽小，先调墨还是先查墨键？",
          "a": "先查墨键。墨键零位不齐，预设的放墨曲线就失去了基准，同样的开度下各墨区实际出墨不同，怎么调墨都追不稳。先把所有墨键设成相同开度，看墨斗辊上出墨厚度是否一致，再用墨层厚度仪逐个测，最后印一张测试版测横向密度。"
        },
        {
          "q": "墨斗辊转角可以一直用一个固定值吗？",
          "a": "不能。整体墨键开度大时要调小转角，印非涂料纸时要加大，专色实地块要优先靠转角加墨，油墨黏性变化时也要跟着调。转角和墨键开度是一对，只调一个往往顾此失彼。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [],
      "related_process": [
        "spot-color"
      ],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "color-difference"
      ],
      "related_faq": [
        "brand-color-consistency",
        "reorder-color-diff"
      ],
      "related_tech": [
        "roller-hardness-pressure",
        "roller-stripping-glazing",
        "ink-water-balance",
        "dampening-control",
        "press-calibration",
        "color-matching"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ink-water-balance",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/ink-water-balance/",
      "title": "水墨平衡：原理、以墨定水与最低水位判定",
      "alias": [
        "水墨平衡",
        "水墨平衡控制",
        "以墨定水",
        "最低水位",
        "水/墨平衡"
      ],
      "category": "水墨平衡与润版液",
      "summary": "水墨平衡是胶印中印版空白部分的水膜刚好能拒墨、图文墨层又不被过量水分削弱的动态状态。操作上按“以墨定水”先定墨量，再取不起脏的最小水量。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "调节顺序",
          "value": "以墨定水：先按图文面积定各区墨量，再配最小防脏水量",
          "note": "水量不能反过来用来调墨色"
        },
        {
          "item": "水量基准",
          "value": "不起脏的最小水量（最低水位）",
          "note": "每台机、每种纸、每个色组各自不同"
        },
        {
          "item": "油墨中的含水量",
          "value": "正常印刷时约 15%–26%",
          "note": "一线经验值，随油墨、车速、温度变化"
        },
        {
          "item": "水膜与墨膜",
          "value": "版面水膜应薄于墨膜",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "稳定性验证",
          "value": "逐级提速（如 10000→12000→14000 张/时）后叼口仍干净、左中右实地密度稳定",
          "note": "只在低速下正常不算平衡"
        },
        {
          "item": "不适用",
          "value": "无水胶印、数字印刷（没有润版系统）",
          "note": ""
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "水墨平衡是指水和墨各占一半吗？",
          "a": "不是。水墨平衡指的是一种状态：空白部分的水膜刚好够拒墨，图文部分的墨层又没有被多余水分削弱。实际版面上的水膜比墨膜薄得多，追求的是“最小够用的水”，而不是某个比例。"
        },
        {
          "q": "为什么印大面积实地时反而要开大水？",
          "a": "因为印刷机上最大的“吃水大户”是油墨而不是版面空白。正常印刷时油墨会乳化吸收约 15%–26% 的水并把它带到纸上，图文面积越大、耗墨越多，被带走的水也越多，所以实地版比文字版更吃水。"
        },
        {
          "q": "版面水量开大一点是不是更保险？",
          "a": "不是。水大虽然不容易起脏，但会让油墨过度乳化，带来网点扩大、墨色发灰发虚、干燥变慢，纸张吸水后还会伸缩导致套印不准。正确做法是在不起脏的前提下把水量压到最小。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [
        "coated-paper",
        "offset-paper"
      ],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "printing-methods",
        "color-difference"
      ],
      "related_faq": [
        "reorder-color-diff"
      ],
      "related_tech": [
        "fountain-solution",
        "dampening-control",
        "ink-emulsification",
        "alcohol-free-fountain-solution",
        "ink-key-zero",
        "scumming",
        "dot-gain"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "misregistration",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/misregistration/",
      "title": "套印不准与重影",
      "alias": [
        "套印不准",
        "套准",
        "重影",
        "双影",
        "咬牙",
        "叼牙",
        "纸张丝缕",
        "纵丝缕",
        "横丝缕"
      ],
      "category": "压力橡皮布与套准",
      "summary": "套印不准先看偏差形态，整张漂移、局部模糊、一侧偏移各有来源。咬牙咬力不平、橡皮布滑移、纸张伸缩是三大主因；纸张伸缩大的方向要放在机器能补偿的周向。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "纸张伸缩方向",
          "value": "横向（垂直于纤维方向）远大于纵向",
          "note": "横向约 0.3%–0.7%，纵向约 0.1%–0.3%（FOGRA 资料）"
        },
        {
          "item": "湿度变化的影响",
          "value": "相对湿度变化 10%，横向尺寸变化约 0.1%–0.2%",
          "note": "100 cm 宽约 1–2 mm"
        },
        {
          "item": "纸与车间湿度差",
          "value": "±5% 内安全，8–10% 危险",
          "note": "FOGRA 资料"
        },
        {
          "item": "纤维方向怎么放",
          "value": "与滚筒轴向平行",
          "note": "让伸缩大的方向落在可补偿的周向"
        },
        {
          "item": "咬牙要求",
          "value": "咬力足、各咬牙一致、开合灵活，牙垫高度随纸厚调整",
          "note": ""
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "套印不准，先调压力吗？",
          "a": "别急着调压力。先看偏差是什么形态：全张一起漂、只有局部模糊、一侧偏、还是左右边缘同步跑偏，来源各不相同。很多套印和重影问题出在咬牙上——咬力不仅要足，更要各咬牙一致，还要查牙排有没有纸粉纸毛、有没有“死牙”。"
        },
        {
          "q": "纵丝缕纸和横丝缕纸能混着印吗？",
          "a": "不能。纸张沿纤维方向伸缩小、垂直于纤维方向伸缩大。两种丝缕的纸在同样的温湿度下，一个沿宽度方向伸长、一个沿长度方向伸长，变形方向和幅度都不同，套印基准完全错乱，而且机器无法同时补偿，只会出重影、模糊和错位。"
        },
        {
          "q": "为什么纸张要先在车间放一段时间才拆包？",
          "a": "纸堆温度和车间温度不同时，提前拆包会让纸边吸湿或失水，边缘起波浪或绷紧，印刷时产生重影、套印不准。应让纸带着防潮包装在车间放到温度一致再拆，时间随托盘体积和温差而定，温差大、纸堆大时可能要一两天以上。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [],
      "related_process": [
        "die-cutting"
      ],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "printing-methods"
      ],
      "related_faq": [
        "qr-code-print"
      ],
      "related_tech": [
        "blanket-packing",
        "dot-gain",
        "paper-printability",
        "dampening-control"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "paper-printability",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/paper-printability/",
      "title": "纸张印刷适性",
      "alias": [
        "纸张印刷适性",
        "表面强度",
        "拉毛",
        "掉毛",
        "掉粉",
        "纸毛",
        "纸粉",
        "平滑度",
        "PPS",
        "纸张白度",
        "吸墨性"
      ],
      "category": "故障排查",
      "summary": "纸张印刷适性指纸在印刷机上的表现：表面强度决定会不会掉毛掉粉，平滑度和吸墨性决定墨层厚薄和网点扩大，白度决定色域。掉毛不全是纸的错，印刷条件的影响往往更大。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "表面强度",
          "value": "纸面抵抗油墨分裂力的能力",
          "note": "车速越快，剥离力越大"
        },
        {
          "item": "掉毛",
          "value": "多见于非涂布纸，纤维呈丝状、絮状脱落",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "掉粉",
          "value": "多见于涂布纸，涂层填料呈白色粉末脱落",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "非涂布纸掉毛时的供水",
          "value": "不宜靠减水解决",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "单张纸胶印用纸调湿",
          "value": "50% ±5% 相对湿度",
          "note": "FOGRA 资料"
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "纸张掉毛掉粉，一定是纸不好吗？",
          "a": "不一定。纸的表面强度当然是基础，但印刷条件的影响往往更大：油墨黏性太高、车速太快、橡皮布老化或清洗后溶剂没干、压力设置不当，都会把纸面拉起来。研究还发现，这些因素之间是非线性的，在某些组合下低压力反而比高压力掉毛更多。先调印刷条件，再考虑换纸。"
        },
        {
          "q": "掉毛和掉粉有什么区别？",
          "a": "发生位置和脱落物不同。掉毛多见于非涂布纸，是纤维结合不牢被拉下来，呈丝状或絮状，容易堆在橡皮布上造成图文模糊、脏版；掉粉多见于涂布纸，是涂层里的填料、颜料结合不足而剥落，呈白色粉末，容易在印品上造成白斑，或引起油墨堆积糊版。"
        },
        {
          "q": "纸张白度是不是越高越好？",
          "a": "不是。白度高能更准确地表现油墨颜色、色域更广；但白度要和产品需求匹配，过高的白度往往依赖荧光增白剂，在不同光源下看起来会偏蓝。纸张偏灰、偏红或偏蓝则会额外吸收部分色光，压缩色域。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [
        "coated-paper",
        "offset-paper",
        "specialty-paper"
      ],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "paper-weight-gsm"
      ],
      "related_faq": [],
      "related_tech": [
        "dampening-control",
        "misregistration",
        "dot-gain",
        "color-sequence-trapping",
        "scumming"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "press-calibration",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/press-calibration/",
      "title": "补偿曲线与机台标准化",
      "alias": [
        "补偿曲线",
        "印刷补偿曲线",
        "印刷曲线",
        "机台标准化",
        "灰平衡",
        "特征化数据",
        "印刷条件",
        "印刷标准化"
      ],
      "category": "色彩管理与看样",
      "summary": "补偿曲线在印前修正网点，让实际网点扩大对准目标。它只在印刷条件稳定时有效，机台、纸张、油墨一变就失灵，所以要先调机台、再做曲线、再定期验证。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "印刷条件由什么定义",
          "value": "承印物、色料、加网、油墨组、色序",
          "note": "ISO 12647-2:2013"
        },
        {
          "item": "调整手段",
          "value": "RIP 查找表（补偿曲线）、橡皮布类型、印版与橡皮布压力、油墨流变性",
          "note": "ISO 12647-3:2005 第 4.2.2 条注"
        },
        {
          "item": "曲线与纸张",
          "value": "一种纸、一套油墨、一台机对应一条曲线",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "验证频次",
          "value": "日常色彩评测，每月一次水墨平衡测试",
          "note": "一线实际做法"
        },
        {
          "item": "失灵时的顺序",
          "value": "先查机台和材料，机台无法恢复才重做曲线",
          "note": ""
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "补偿曲线做一次能一直用吗？",
          "a": "不能。补偿曲线依赖稳定的印刷条件，而印刷机的压力、水辊状态会波动，纸张和油墨也有批次差异。一直沿用旧曲线，会导致追色困难、签样效率下降，甚至引发质量争议。要像保养设备一样定期验证，发现偏离先查机台，机台调不回来再重做曲线。"
        },
        {
          "q": "换了纸为什么同一条曲线效果就变了？",
          "a": "因为不同纸张的白度、平滑度、吸墨性和光泽度不同，网点扩大的规律也不同。表面致密的铜版纸网点扩大比较均匀，吸墨强的胶版纸暗调容易并级，通常要做压缩补偿。建议建立“纸张—曲线”对应表，把常用纸及其曲线参数归档，换纸时直接调用。"
        },
        {
          "q": "自动预设墨量和色彩管理是一回事吗？",
          "a": "不是。根据印前数据自动预设墨量，解决的是“放墨快而稳”，属于效率工具；色彩管理通过采集和控制色彩数据，解决的是“颜色准不准”，属于品质标准。正确顺序是先建立色彩管理标准，再用自动预设墨量去实现它，两者协同才能又快又准。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [],
      "related_process": [
        "spot-color"
      ],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "color-difference"
      ],
      "related_faq": [
        "reorder-color-diff",
        "brand-color-consistency"
      ],
      "related_tech": [
        "dot-gain",
        "color-matching",
        "proofing-calibration",
        "ink-key-zero",
        "viewing-light"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "proofing-calibration",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/proofing-calibration/",
      "title": "数码打样与屏幕软打样",
      "alias": [
        "数码打样",
        "数字硬打样",
        "数码样",
        "屏幕软打样",
        "软打样",
        "线性化",
        "打样机校准",
        "打样控制条",
        "ICC"
      ],
      "category": "色彩管理与看样",
      "summary": "一般数码样只看内容，经色彩管理的数码硬打样才能看颜色、作签样依据，前提是定期线性化、特征化并用控制条评估。软打样快而省，特殊色和表面仍需实物样。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "一般数码样",
          "value": "验内容和版式，不能作颜色依据",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "经色彩管理的数码硬打样",
          "value": "可核对颜色，可作签样依据",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "打样控制条评估",
          "value": "按 ISO 12647-7 打印控制条并测量评估",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "检查频次",
          "value": "每天至少一次核对打样与胶印的匹配度",
          "note": "一线做法"
        },
        {
          "item": "软打样标准",
          "value": "ISO 14861（系统要求）、ISO 12646（显示器特性）",
          "note": ""
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "数码样到底能不能签样？",
          "a": "看有没有做色彩管理。直接打印、未做色彩管理的一般数码样，只能核对内容和版式；按印刷条件做过特征化、定期线性化并用控制条评估合格的数码硬打样，才能作为颜色标准和签样依据。规范的做法是每单样张上贴颜色评估结果标签。"
        },
        {
          "q": "换了打样纸或墨水，要重新校准吗？",
          "a": "要。更换不同品牌或克重的打样纸、换墨水型号、换打印头，打样机输入墨量和输出密度的对应关系都会变，必须重新做一系列校准：线性化、必要时重新生成打样机的 ICC，再打控制条验证。"
        },
        {
          "q": "屏幕软打样能完全代替实物打样吗？",
          "a": "不能。它适合模拟非纹理纸上的四色印刷效果，快、省、能异地同步看样；但金属色、荧光色等特殊专色会有明显偏差，特殊材料和表面整饰的效果也看不出来，这些情况仍要实物打样。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [],
      "related_process": [
        "hot-stamping",
        "spot-uv"
      ],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "proofing",
        "color-difference",
        "cmyk-vs-rgb"
      ],
      "related_faq": [
        "proof-time",
        "screen-vs-print",
        "pdf-color-shift"
      ],
      "related_tech": [
        "viewing-light",
        "press-calibration",
        "color-matching",
        "ucr-gcr"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "roller-hardness-pressure",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/roller-hardness-pressure/",
      "title": "胶辊硬度、压力与清洗",
      "alias": [
        "胶辊硬度",
        "墨辊硬度",
        "邵氏硬度",
        "邵氏A",
        "墨辊压力",
        "胶辊压力",
        "压痕宽度",
        "胶辊清洗"
      ],
      "category": "输墨与墨辊",
      "summary": "胶辊硬度要按油墨体系选、按新辊基准看变化：用同一把硬度计在相同位置和温度下测，与新辊读数比增量；压力宁轻勿重，压痕稍宽一点，实际压力就成倍上升。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "硬度怎么判断",
          "value": "与新辊基准比增量，同时看左、中、右是否一致",
          "note": "不以单次读数的绝对值定换辊"
        },
        {
          "item": "硬度变化可忽略的范围",
          "value": "1–2 度以内",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        },
        {
          "item": "测量方法标准",
          "value": "GB/T 39693.4-2025（等同采用 ISO 48-4:2018）",
          "note": "现行，代替 GB/T 531.1-2008"
        },
        {
          "item": "软辊与硬辊",
          "value": "橡胶墨辊、水辊用邵氏 A；较硬的辊子用邵氏 D",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "压力原则",
          "value": "在不影响印刷质量的前提下尽量小",
          "note": "取设备厂规定范围的下限"
        },
        {
          "item": "清洗时机",
          "value": "短时停机不洗，隔夜收机必洗",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "胶辊硬度超过多少度就要换？",
          "a": "不建议用一个绝对读数来定。不同油墨体系、不同供应商的胶辊标称硬度本来就不同，现场测量又受温度、测点、辊面曲率影响。更可靠的做法是新辊装机时用同一把硬度计在固定位置测一次作为基准，之后定期复测看增量和左中右差异；硬度持续上升、表面发亮发硬、尺寸变化，就该考虑更换。"
        },
        {
          "q": "墨辊压力调大一点是不是传墨更好？",
          "a": "不是。压痕宽度增加一点，实际压力会成倍上升：胶辊加速磨损、发热硬化，油墨和润版液消耗、耗电都增加，印版图文也磨得更快。原则是在印刷质量不受影响的前提下尽量小，宁轻勿重。"
        },
        {
          "q": "洗车水挥发快、去污强是不是更好？",
          "a": "不一定。高挥发、强溶剂的清洗剂能很快去掉表面沉积，但会加速胶辊老化收缩；选错清洗剂还会让胶辊收缩、膨胀、变形，腐蚀密封圈和橡皮布。日常建议用半水基、低挥发的专用清洗剂，含丙酮的清洗剂会破坏辊面结构。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "printing-methods"
      ],
      "related_faq": [],
      "related_tech": [
        "roller-stripping-glazing",
        "ink-key-zero",
        "alcohol-free-fountain-solution",
        "fountain-solution",
        "streaks"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "roller-stripping-glazing",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/roller-stripping-glazing/",
      "title": "墨辊脱墨、发亮与釉化",
      "alias": [
        "墨辊脱墨",
        "脱墨",
        "墨辊发亮",
        "墨辊釉化",
        "胶辊釉化",
        "墨辊玻璃化",
        "墨辊结晶",
        "钙化"
      ],
      "category": "输墨与墨辊",
      "summary": "墨辊脱墨是症状：辊面局部不吸墨、墨传不下去。原因分三类——水多使油墨过度乳化、辊面釉化或钙化失去亲墨性、油墨本身太稀或太稠。先分清是水、墨还是辊，再对症处理。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "正常辊面手感",
          "value": "发涩、有细微毛孔",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "异常辊面",
          "value": "光滑发亮、手指一抹就滑",
          "note": "储墨量和摩擦力都已下降"
        },
        {
          "item": "过稠的油墨",
          "value": "少量多次加调墨油降黏",
          "note": "一线经验"
        },
        {
          "item": "过稀的油墨",
          "value": "补加 1%–2% 同体系增黏剂，边加边测黏性",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        },
        {
          "item": "釉化严重的辊子",
          "value": "专用清洗剂或研磨膏处理；硬化、发亮、尺寸变化的应更换",
          "note": ""
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "墨辊脱墨一定是墨辊坏了吗？",
          "a": "不一定。最常见的原因反而是水：供水过量或润版液 pH 不当，油墨过度乳化，在辊面形成一层水膜，墨就挂不上去。其次才是辊面釉化、钙化，或者油墨本身太稀太稠。先减水、查润版液，再看辊面，最后调墨。"
        },
        {
          "q": "“墨辊玻璃化”和“第一色干透印不上第二色”是一回事吗？",
          "a": "不是，现场都叫“玻璃化”，其实是两件事。前者是墨辊表面被沉积物封住、变得光滑发亮，吸不住墨；后者是印好的第一色墨膜干得太透、表面过于光滑，后一色附着不上去。一个是墨辊的问题，一个是印张上墨膜的问题，处理方法完全不同。"
        },
        {
          "q": "墨辊表面发亮了还能用吗？",
          "a": "轻度发亮可以用专用清洗剂、除钙剂或研磨膏处理，恢复辊面的细微毛孔；如果已经硬化、表面光滑如镜或直径变化，就应更换。发亮的辊子储墨少、易打滑，继续用会带来墨杠和色差。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "color-difference"
      ],
      "related_faq": [],
      "related_tech": [
        "roller-hardness-pressure",
        "ink-key-zero",
        "ink-emulsification",
        "alcohol-free-fountain-solution",
        "dampening-control",
        "streaks"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "screening",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/screening/",
      "title": "加网线数、网角与调频网",
      "alias": [
        "加网线数",
        "网线数",
        "lpi",
        "加网角度",
        "网角",
        "龟纹",
        "调频网",
        "调频加网",
        "FM 加网",
        "调幅网",
        "网点形状"
      ],
      "category": "网点色序与分色",
      "summary": "加网线数按纸张和观看距离选，不是越高越好：涂布纸胶印约 120–200 lpi，报纸约 100 lpi。四色网角错开避免龟纹；调频网细节好，但挑工艺稳定性。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "单张纸胶印，涂布纸",
          "value": "48–80 cm⁻¹（约 120–200 lpi）",
          "note": "ISO 12647-2:2013"
        },
        {
          "item": "单张纸胶印，非涂布纸",
          "value": "48–70 cm⁻¹（约 120–175 lpi）",
          "note": "ISO 12647-2:2013"
        },
        {
          "item": "报纸冷固轮转",
          "value": "40±2 cm⁻¹（约 100 lpi）",
          "note": "ISO 12647-3:2005"
        },
        {
          "item": "网角（无主轴网点）",
          "value": "青、品红、黑相差 30°，黄与相邻色相差 15°，主色 45°",
          "note": "ISO 12647-2:2013"
        },
        {
          "item": "调频网点直径",
          "value": "涂布纸 20–30 µm，非涂布纸 30–40 µm",
          "note": "ISO 12647-2:2013"
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "加网线数越高印刷质量就越好吗？",
          "a": "不是。线数越高网点越小，细节越清晰，但对制版、压力、水墨平衡的要求也越高；从中间调到暗调，网点扩大会更明显，容易暗调并级、发闷。纸张跟不上时更糟，粗糙吸墨的纸印细网点很容易糊版。线数要“匹配需求，兼顾工艺”。"
        },
        {
          "q": "报纸用 175 线行吗？",
          "a": "通常不行。新闻纸粗糙、吸墨强，冷固轮转的网点扩大本来就大，线数太高暗调会糊成一片。国际标准对报纸冷固轮转四色印刷给出的是 40±2 线每厘米，约合 100 lpi，而且同一份报纸的彩色和黑白部分要用相同线数。"
        },
        {
          "q": "黄版为什么常放在 0° 或 90°？",
          "a": "因为网角的“好位置”不够分。青、品红、黑三个主色两两要相差 30° 才能把龟纹压到看不出，在 90° 的范围里排完这三个就没有第四个同样好的位置了。黄色明度最高、最接近纸白，即使和相邻色只差 15°、产生轻微龟纹，人眼也几乎看不出，所以把它放在最不利的角度上。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [
        "coated-paper",
        "offset-paper"
      ],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "resolution-dpi",
        "printing-methods"
      ],
      "related_faq": [],
      "related_tech": [
        "dot-gain",
        "ucr-gcr",
        "color-sequence-trapping",
        "press-calibration"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "scumming",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/scumming/",
      "title": "脏版：油脏、浮脏与排查树",
      "alias": [
        "脏版",
        "上脏",
        "起脏",
        "挂脏",
        "油脏",
        "浮脏",
        "糊版",
        "背景发脏",
        "印版两侧起脏",
        "新版上脏",
        "底灰"
      ],
      "category": "故障排查",
      "summary": "脏版是印品空白部分出现不该有的油墨。先分清是油脏（位置固定、版上看得见）还是浮脏（位置不定、版上常看不到），再按印版、润版液、水辊、油墨、纸张五个方向排查。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "油脏",
          "value": "位置固定、印版上看得见、难擦掉",
          "note": "起脏、上脏、挂脏为同义说法"
        },
        {
          "item": "浮脏",
          "value": "大面积低密度浅淡墨污，位置前后不固定，印版上常看不到",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "糊版",
          "value": "发生在图文部分，网点铺开并级",
          "note": "与脏版不是一回事"
        },
        {
          "item": "润版液 pH",
          "value": "4.8–5.5",
          "note": "本站一线实际控制值；过高过低都会脏版"
        },
        {
          "item": "垫纸横向尺寸",
          "value": "比印版小，差值控制在 10 mm 以内",
          "note": "一线经验值"
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "脏版了先加水行不行？",
          "a": "可以作为临时判断，但不能当解决办法。加水能暂时把空白部分的油墨压下去，却会带来过度乳化、墨色发灰、纸张伸缩。更要紧的是找原因：新版脏多半是印版本身，印一段时间才脏多是润版液或温升，两侧脏多是水辊或垫纸。原因不除，水越加越大，问题越来越多。"
        },
        {
          "q": "为什么印张上有脏点，印版上却找不到？",
          "a": "这很可能是浮脏而不是油脏。浮脏是细小墨点漂浮在印版空白部分的水膜上，位置前后不固定，印版上往往看不到。常见原因是油墨内聚力下降、乳化值升高，或者涂布纸中的表面活性剂渗出进入油墨。处理方向是增强油墨性能、减少供水、改善乳化，而不是去修印版。"
        },
        {
          "q": "新印版一上机就脏，是印版坏了吗？",
          "a": "常见原因有几种：印版空白部分残留亲油的感光胶膜（用放大镜能看到不均匀的膜状物），显影冲洗不干净，版面带油污或装版时用油性布擦过，局部砂目过粗容易挂墨。残留胶膜可用专用修版膏清除，但不能涂到图文上。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [
        "coated-paper"
      ],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "printing-methods"
      ],
      "related_faq": [],
      "related_tech": [
        "streaks",
        "fountain-solution",
        "ink-emulsification",
        "dampening-control",
        "paper-printability"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "streaks",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/streaks/",
      "title": "墨杠与水杠",
      "alias": [
        "墨杠",
        "水杠",
        "杠子",
        "条杠",
        "印刷条杠",
        "黑条痕",
        "白条痕",
        "墨辊条痕",
        "水辊条痕",
        "鬼影"
      ],
      "category": "故障排查",
      "summary": "条杠是印品上与滚筒轴向平行的深浅条纹。深色墨杠不一定是墨辊问题，浅色水杠也不一定是水辊问题，要按“现象深浅 × 来源（墨路、水路、传动、包衬）”交叉排查。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "条杠方向",
          "value": "与滚筒轴向平行",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "墨杠",
          "value": "颜色与墨色一致的深色条纹，局部油墨堆积",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "水杠",
          "value": "局部偏浅、近乎无色的条纹，网点不规则缩小",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "排查维度",
          "value": "墨路、水路、传动（齿轮、轴承）、包衬与压力",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "硬度类判断",
          "value": "与新辊基准比增量",
          "note": "见胶辊硬度页"
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "出黑杠就查墨辊，出白杠就查水辊，对吗？",
          "a": "不全对。“黑条痕 = 墨辊条痕、白条痕 = 水辊条痕”是一种按名字对号入座的说法。实际上，深色条杠除了墨辊，还可能来自齿轮、轴承、包衬和滚筒压力；浅色条杠除了水辊，也要查滚筒压力、橡皮布松弛和包衬。颜色只告诉你“多了墨”还是“少了墨”，不告诉你是哪个部件。"
        },
        {
          "q": "杠子和鬼影是一回事吗？",
          "a": "不是。杠子是与滚筒轴向平行的深浅条纹，多与机械振动、压力和墨辊水辊状态有关；鬼影是印面上出现前部图文的淡淡残影，原因是着墨辊转到后方实地时，表面的墨已被前部图文耗掉、来不及补充。鬼影要从着墨辊的输墨分配上解决。"
        },
        {
          "q": "软包衬和硬包衬哪个更容易出墨杠？",
          "a": "硬包衬更容易。硬包衬弹性差、印刷压力大，对振动和压力波动更敏感；软包衬弹性好，能吸收一部分冲击，不容易出墨杠，但网点再现性不如硬包衬。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "printing-methods"
      ],
      "related_faq": [],
      "related_tech": [
        "roller-hardness-pressure",
        "roller-stripping-glazing",
        "blanket-packing",
        "dampening-control",
        "ink-key-zero"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ucr-gcr",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/ucr-gcr/",
      "title": "黑版：UCR、GCR 与 UCA",
      "alias": [
        "黑版",
        "UCR",
        "GCR",
        "UCA",
        "底色去除",
        "灰成分替代",
        "底色增益",
        "总墨量",
        "总阶调值",
        "四色灰"
      ],
      "category": "网点色序与分色",
      "summary": "UCR 只在暗调中性灰处用黑墨替换部分彩墨；GCR 在全阶调范围替换灰成分，更省墨、更稳；UCA 反过来在暗调补彩墨。三者都在控制总墨量和灰平衡。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "UCR（底色去除）",
          "value": "只在暗调中性灰区域用黑替换部分 CMY",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "GCR（灰成分替代）",
          "value": "在整个色空间用黑替换灰成分",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "UCA（底色增益）",
          "value": "在暗调中性区域补回部分彩墨，增加暗部密度",
          "note": ""
        },
        {
          "item": "总阶调值上限（单张纸胶印）",
          "value": "涂布纸宜低于 330%、不得超过 350%；其他承印物不得超过 300%",
          "note": "ISO 12647-2:2013"
        },
        {
          "item": "总阶调值上限（报纸）",
          "value": "宜不超过 240%、不得超过 260%",
          "note": "ISO 12647-3:2005"
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "UCR 和 GCR 该选哪个？",
          "a": "看画面。UCR 只在暗调中性灰处替换，能更好地保留色彩的鲜艳度，适合颜色鲜艳、灰成分少的高调图像；GCR 从亮调到暗调都替换，省墨更多、干燥更快、灰平衡更稳，适合高速印刷、商业印刷和以灰色为主的低调图像。"
        },
        {
          "q": "UCR 和 UCA 能同时用吗？",
          "a": "不能。两者都作用在暗调，一个减彩墨、一个加彩墨，同时用会互相抵消，暗调无法精确控制。常见做法是选 GCR，再根据需要用少量 UCA 在暗调回补一点彩墨密度。"
        },
        {
          "q": "四色叠出来的灰为什么最难印？",
          "a": "因为它对灰平衡极其敏感：青、品红、黄任何一色的墨量或网点扩大稍有波动，整体就会偏红、偏黄或偏蓝。能改就和客户沟通改成单黑挂网或专色灰；必须用四色时，印前加大黑版比例、做好灰成分替代，机台上盯紧测控条的中性灰块。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "rich-black",
        "cmyk-vs-rgb"
      ],
      "related_faq": [],
      "related_tech": [
        "screening",
        "color-sequence-trapping",
        "press-calibration",
        "color-matching"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "viewing-light",
      "url": "https://www.yinkebang.com/tech/viewing-light/",
      "title": "标准光源与看样条件",
      "alias": [
        "标准光源",
        "看样台",
        "对色灯箱",
        "灯箱",
        "D50",
        "D65",
        "色温",
        "显色指数",
        "照度",
        "ISO 3664",
        "同色异谱"
      ],
      "category": "色彩管理与看样",
      "summary": "印刷看样以 D50 为基准光源。ISO 3664 要求一般显色指数不低于 90、R1–R8 各不低于 80，周边为中性色，并分两级照度。光源会老化，要定期检测。",
      "key_params": [
        {
          "item": "基准光源",
          "value": "CIE D50，相关色温约 5000 K",
          "note": "ISO 3664:2009 第 4.1.3 条"
        },
        {
          "item": "一般显色指数",
          "value": "≥ 90",
          "note": "ISO 3664:2009 第 4.1.4 条"
        },
        {
          "item": "特殊显色指数 R1–R8",
          "value": "各 ≥ 80",
          "note": "ISO 3664:2009 第 4.1.4 条"
        },
        {
          "item": "看样周边",
          "value": "漫反射、中性色（CIELAB 彩度不大于 2）",
          "note": "ISO 3664:2009 第 4.1.2 条"
        },
        {
          "item": "照度等级",
          "value": "高照度用于严格比对（P1），较低照度用于常规评价（P2）",
          "note": "具体数值见标准第 4.2、4.3 条"
        }
      ],
      "faqs": [
        {
          "q": "为什么印刷看样用 D50，而不是更“白”的 D65？",
          "a": "D50 代表相关色温约 5000 K 的日光，国际看样标准 ISO 3664 从第一版起就以它为基准，印刷的颜色测量条件也与它对应。D65 代表相关色温约 6500 K 的日光，在纸张白度测量等场合使用。印刷、打样、看样要在同一光源下比较，才有共同的语言。"
        },
        {
          "q": "灯管还亮着，是不是就还能用？",
          "a": "不一定。光源用久了，光谱分布、色温都会悄悄改变，表面看还在正常发光，实际上已经不在标准范围内，打样校得再准，客户拿回去也可能说偏色。要按厂家建议的寿命更换，并定期检测光源性能。"
        },
        {
          "q": "看样的照度是不是越亮越好？",
          "a": "不是。ISO 3664 规定了两级照度：高照度用于严格比对，能让细小色差更容易看出来；较低照度更接近印品最终被观看的环境，用于评价阶调和整体效果。高照度下亮调层次也可能显得被压缩，所以要按目的选照度。"
        }
      ],
      "updated": "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",
      "related_materials": [],
      "related_process": [],
      "related_products": [],
      "related_wiki": [
        "color-difference",
        "proofing"
      ],
      "related_faq": [
        "screen-vs-print",
        "how-to-check-quality"
      ],
      "related_tech": [
        "proofing-calibration",
        "color-matching",
        "press-calibration",
        "paper-printability"
      ]
    }
  ]
}